The Importance of Gut Microbiota on Choline Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases – PubMed Black Hawk Supplements

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The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that influences digestion, immune response, metabolism, and has been linked to health and well-being. Choline is essential for neurotransmitters, lipid transport, cell-membrane signaling, methyl-group metabolism and is believed to have neuroprotective properties. It is found in two forms, water-soluble and lipid-soluble, and its metabolism is different. Long-term choline deficiency is associated with many diseases, and supplements are prescribed for…
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The Importance of Gut Microbiota on Choline Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases - PubMed

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The Importance of Gut Microbiota on Choline Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Majid Eslami et al. Biomolecules. .

Abstract

The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that influences digestion, immune response, metabolism, and has been linked to health and well-being. Choline is essential for neurotransmitters, lipid transport, cell-membrane signaling, methyl-group metabolism and is believed to have neuroprotective properties. It is found in two forms, water-soluble and lipid-soluble, and its metabolism is different. Long-term choline deficiency is associated with many diseases, and supplements are prescribed for improved health. Choline supplements can improve cognitive function in adults but not significantly. Choline is a precursor of phospholipids and an acetylcholine neurotransmitter precursor and can be generated de novo from phosphatidylcholine via phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and choline oxidase. Choline supplementation has been found to have a beneficial effect on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), by increasing amyloid-β, thioflavin S, and tau hyper-phosphorylation. Choline supplementation has been shown to reduce amyloid-plaque load and develop spatial memory in an APP/PS1 mice model of AD. Choline is necessary for normative and improved function of brain pathways and can reduce amyloid-β deposition and microgliosis. Clinical research suggests that early neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) can benefit from a combination of choline supplements and the drugs currently used to treat NDs in order to improve memory performance and synaptic functioning.

Keywords: TMAO; choline; metabolism; microbiota; neurodegenerative diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

An overview of choline’s effects on the nervous system. Taking sufficient dietary choline may affect cognition, and a high-choline diet in early life might also prevent age-related memory decline, and protect the brain from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and neurological damage caused by epilepsy. Furthermore, sufficient choline prevents neural tube defects, dementia progression, and has neuroprotective effects.

Figure 2
Figure 2

Choline’s potential benefits and drawbacks on the nervous system. Research indicates that choline has a varied impact on the nervous system. Dietary choline decreases insulin resistance in the nervous system. Additionally, choline lessens microglial activation, reducing the buildup of amyloid beta in the brain—a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, choline has been linked to a reduction in oxidative stress, associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). On the other hand, through the microbiota, choline is converted to trimethylamine (TMA). In the liver, TMA converts to Trimethylamine-N-Oxide by flavin monooxygenase enzymes. This increase in TMAO leads to increased amyloid beta aggregation, interrupted BBB integrity, and increased prothrombotic effects.

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The Importance of Gut Microbiota on Choline Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases – PubMed